Radical structural change is clearly possible, with the right leadership. The country needs only to look at other European countries over the past four decades to understand this
, a leading British historian of post-war Italy who died earlier this year, once wrote that, “If there is a single, recurrent, almost obsessive theme in the political history of post-war Italy, it is that of the need for reform and of the failure to achieve it.” Now, more than ever, the country needs huge reforms to return to a path of growth.
The second is resignation. Italians have become used to being told that their country is the new sick man of Europe . But they have learned from experience that structural reforms are hard to push through in a country that more or less invented medieval guilds—and that, as with pensions, they can all too easily be rolled back. If change is impossible to stick to, why waste time pressing for it?
One example was Britain in the 1980s. By the 1970s the common view was that Britain was permanently saddled with a slow-growing, strike-prone, uncompetitive economy. Indeed, it was a key reason for joining the then European Economic Community in 1973. But after 1979 Margaret Thatcher shook up a moribund economy with structural reforms that helped to make it more competitive. And Britain, for all its other self-inflicted problems, has since mostly outgrown Italy, at least until Brexit.
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