Study finds a new mammalian antiviral response pathway restricting poxviruses replication Antigen Cancer GeneExpression Genomic immunity poxvirus Transcription Virus biorxivpreprint ufmgbr UTSWNews CUBoulder HHMINEWS
Study: A FACT-ETS-1 Antiviral Response Pathway Restricts Viral Replication and is Countered by Poxvirus A51R Proteins. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon / Shutterstock
Poxviruses, such as variola virus , caused smallpox, a fatal infectious disease that claimed millions of human lives over many decades it lasted. Despite its eradication in 1979, other poxviruses continue to pose prominent public health concerns; for instance, Mpox or Monekypox virus caused a deadly outbreak worldwide in 2022-2023. Nonetheless, poxvirus infections, in general, severely compromise host immunity.
Next, the team used RNA interference to determine if FACT impacted VV replication. RNAi studies found that FACT depletion complemented the replication fault of A51R-depleted VV. Also, FACT broadly restricted cytoplasmic deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA viruses. Since Spt16 is conserved among eukaryotes, the researchers also evaluated Spt16 SUMOylation in several human cell lines and eukaryotes. Strikingly, SUMOylated Spt16 was present in all the tested human cell lines, including primary normal human dermal fibroblasts . Moreover, even monkey, mouse, hamster, and bat-derived cell lines had SUMOylated Spt16.
Both FACT and ETS-1 served crucial roles in activating the host transcriptional response to viral infection. However, ETS-1 restricted viral replication in an hSpt16SUMO/FACT-dependent manner. The FEAR pathway appeared to predate and remain distinct from the IFN response. Likewise, ETS-1 likely plays an antimicrobial role in eukaryotes.
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Malaria and the incidence of COVID-19 in Africa: an ecological study - BMC Infectious DiseasesBackground It has been shown that stimulation of innate immunity may provide temporary protection against a variety of infectious diseases. Malaria has been shown to induce a robust innate immune response. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that if the cumulative number of cases diagnosed with COVID-19 per 100,000 population was correlated with the prevalence of malaria in African countries where both malaria and COVID-19 were prevalent. Methods In this ecological study, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 and the prevalence of malaria were compared in 53 African countries. A negative binomial regression analysis with the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 as the dependent variable, and the human development index (HDI) and the prevalence of malaria, as independent variables, were used. Results The mean cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 522 cases per 100,000. Each 0.1 unit increase in HDI was associated with 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval 1.8–3.1) increase in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19. Prevalence of malaria was also independently associated with the cumulative incidence; each 10% increase in the prevalence was associated with 28% (10–41%) decrease in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19. Conclusions Malaria might protect people against SARS-CoV-2 through the stimulation of innate immunity. Stimulation of the innate immune system could be the first line of defense in the pandemic preparedness arsenal.
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