Study highlights the potential long-term neurological effects post-COVID-19 biorxivpreprint neurological postcovid COVID19 covid SARSCoV2 neurologicaleffects symptoms news research spikeproteins sprotein
By Neha MathurApr 10 2023Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv* preprint server, researchers used preclinical mouse models and human post-mortem samples to study the presence and distribution pattern of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis, including the recently discovered skull-meninges connection .
A few studies even detected SARS-CoV-2 in brain tissues and widespread immune activation signals in the brain. This led scientists to believe that virus-shed proteins circulated in the bloodstream and promoted an inflammatory response. For animal experiments, they used two-month-old wild-type C57Bl6/J mixed-sex mice housed on 12/12 hours of light & dark cycles with random access to food and water.
It helped them detect whether S protein was persistently present in the skulls of patients who died from non-COVID-related reasons during the first two years of the pandemic. In healthy mice, direct microinjections of S into skull marrow niches triggered brain proteome alterations and parenchymal cell death. It also demonstrated the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 S in the absence of other viral components. However, additional data is needed to show active replication of SARS-CoV-2 in these tissues.
Further, this proteomics data showed perturbations in the complement and blood coagulation cascades, neutrophils-related pathways, including neutrophil extracellular traps formation, and an upregulation of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as interferon-alpha/beta . Studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 S in patient immune cells more than 12 months after the infection and in their plasma up to a year post-recovery.
Though the researchers could not distinguish the direct effects of S from the systemic effects of COVID-19. It acted as an inflammatory stimulus that led to the development of immune response in the brain and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins, e.g., calprotectin and pro-platelet basic protein , a thromboses-related protein.
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