Reading for pleasure strengthens memory in olderadults beckmaninst
An important strength of study is the design, which employed an active control that equated interaction with lab personnel, use of electronic media, and the availability of choice, in addition to practice effects on the criterion measures. We did not employ a passive control group. There is some controversy about what makes for an effective control group in behavioral interventions . Consistent with principles articulated by Freedland et al.
Another strength is that outcome measures included both assessments of language processing as well as of domain-general abilities thought to underpin language comprehension. Thus, we were able to establish some benefit from the activity directly engaged as well broader cognitive abilities engaged by those processes .
Finally, the sample included older adults with relatively poor cognitive status . While such individuals were more likely to prematurely withdraw from the study, those who were retained showed similar benefits, suggesting that leisure reading may support memory skills even among adults who are already starting to experience significant declines.
There are limitations. More extensive measurement of both cognition, especially executive control, and language processes are needed to provide a more complete and more nuanced understanding of how everyday reading shapes mind and brain. Also, due to time constraints, we did not include a measure of discourse processing. Perhaps most significantly, data collection was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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p53 Inhibits Bmi-1-driven Self-Renewal and Defines Salivary Gland Cancer StemnessAbstractPurpose:. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a poorly understood salivary gland malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are considered drivers of cancer progression by mediating tumor recurrence and metastasis. We have shown that clinically relevant small molecule inhibitors of MDM2–p53 interaction activate p53 signaling and reduce the fraction of CSC in MEC. Here we examined the functional role of p53 in the plasticity and self-renewal of MEC CSC.Experimental Design:. Using gene silencing and therapeutic activation of p53, we analyzed the cell-cycle profiles and apoptosis levels of CSCs in MEC cell lines (UM-HMC-1, -3A, -3B) via flow cytometry and looked at the effects on survival/self-renewal of the CSCs through sphere assays. We evaluated the effect of p53 on tumor development (N=51) and disease recurrence (N=17) using in vivo subcutaneous and orthotopic murine models of MEC. Recurrence was followed for 250 days after tumor resection.Results:. Although p53 activation does not induce MEC CSC apoptosis, it reduces stemness properties such as self-renewal by regulating Bmi-1 expression and driving CSC towards differentiation. In contrast, downregulation of p53 causes expansion of the CSC population while promoting tumor growth. Remarkably, therapeutic activation of p53 prevented CSC-mediated tumor recurrence in preclinical trials.Conclusions:. Collectively, these results demonstrate that p53 defines the stemness of MEC and suggest that therapeutic activation of p53 might have clinical utility in patients with salivary gland MEC.
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